If, then, he dies or is killed, will you turn back on your heel? [35] Omar Ibn Khattab … He insisted, but his sister was not prepared to allow him to touch the pages unless he washed his body. [3] According to Cobb, this ultimately served as Umar's "undoing" as al-Hajjaj pressured the caliph to dismiss Umar in May/June 712. He is sometimes referred to as Omar I by historians of early Islam, since a later Umayyad caliph, Umar II, also bore that name. Following his conversion, Omar went to inform the chief of Quraish, Amr ibn Hishām, about his acceptance of Islam. Et nous avons continué à nous disputer jusquâà ce quâelle ait pris sa tête entre ses mains et elle a dit : â Je le fais malgré toi ! [2] However, other accounts hold that he showed himself to be materialistic during his early career. In order to minimize the chances of corruption, Omar made it a point to pay high salaries to the staff. La performance des acteurs ainsi que la réalisation donnent à Omar Ibn Al-Khattab Al-Faruq un charme attirant. R. B. Serjeant, "Sunnah Jami'ah, pacts with the Yathrib Jews, and the Tahrim of Yathrib: analysis and translation of the documents comprised in the so-called 'Constitution of Medina'", Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies (1978), 41: 1–42, Cambridge University Press. For instance, Jarudiyya believes that Muhammad appointed Ali and believes that the denial of the Imamate of Ali after Muhammad's passing would lead to infidelity and deviation from the right path. [15] Umar acceded without significant opposition on 22 September 717. When he accepted Islam, the Quraysh were compelled to let us pray in the Mosque. He was an expert Muslim jurist known for his pious and just nature, which earned him the epithet Al-Farooq ("the one who distinguishes (between right and wrong)"). He was part of the Muslim army that contested the Battle of Tabouk under Muhammad's command and he was reported to have given half of his wealth for the preparation of this expedition. Provinces were further divided into about 100 districts. Hafsa bint `Omar Ibn Khattab . He also kept a record system for messages he sent to Governors and heads of state. [8] Umar remained in northern Syria, often residing at his estate in Khunasira, where he built a fortified headquarters. It was after this event that Muslims offered prayers openly in Masjid al-Haram for the first time. Why don't you return to your own house and at least set it straight? There would have been no sense in beating up the Khazraji chief if everybody had come around to swearing allegiance to Umar's candidate. [84][85][86][87], Local populations of Jews and Christians, persecuted as religious minorities and taxed heavily to finance the Byzantine–Sassanid Wars, often aided Muslims to take over their lands from the Byzantines and Persians, resulting in exceptionally speedy conquests. Rather than adopt the pomp and display affected by the rulers of the time, he continued to live much as he had when Muslims were poor and persecuted. [citation needed] After the city was built, Omar appointed Abu Musa Ashaari (17-29/638 – 650) as its first governor. Par Dieu tu ne nous donnes pas en abondance et tu ne juges pas équitablement entre nous". Appelé “commandeur des croyants”, ses mérites sont multiples : il était doté d’une humilité et d’un comportement hors-norme. He issued an edict on taxation stating: Whosoever accepts Islam, whether Christian, Jew or Zoroastrian, of those now subject to taxes and who joins himself to the body of the Muslims in their abode, forsaking the abode in which he was before, he shall have the same rights and duties as they have, and they are obliged to associate with him and to treat him as one of themselves. He was the first to discipline the people when they became disordered. They returned to live in the southern part of the city, i.e., the Market of the Jews. In his will he instructed Omar to continue the conquests on Iraqi and Syrian fronts. He said: "Umar was a fortress of Islam. Omar Ibn Al-Khattab Al-Faruq . According to one estimate more than 4,050 cities were captured during these military conquests. Later in the year Omar was a part of a campaign against the Jewish tribe of Banu Nadir. Through his personal example, he inculcated piety, steadfastness, business ethics and moral rectitude in the general population. Upon hearing these words, Omar slapped his sister so hard that she fell to the ground bleeding from her mouth. Under this unprecedented pressure, the Christian Arabs retreated from Emesa before Muslim reinforcements could arrive. Il laissa ainsi Hafsa, fille de Umar Ibn Khattab, veuve alors qu'elle n'avait que dix-huit ans. [12] Potential intra-dynastic conflict was averted with the designation of a son of Abd al-Malik, Yazid II, as Umar's successor. [59], Muhammad Husayn Haykal wrote that Omar's stress was on the well-being of the poor and underprivileged. Il garantit la sauvegarde des lieux de culte chrétien et ordonna à ses hommes de ne pas les détruire et de ne pas les utiliser comme habitations. ˈʕʊmɑr ɪbn alxɑtˤˈtˤɑːb], "Umar, Son of Al-Khattab"; c. 584 CE – 3 November 644 CE), was one of the most powerful and influential Muslim caliphs in history. [3] Despite the withdrawal, Umar kept up the annual summer raids against the Byzantine frontier,[3] out of the obligation to jihad. [citation needed] This was contrary to the orders of Emperor Heraclius, who presumably wanted a coordinated attack along with the Persians. Most Muslims migrated at night fearing Quraish resistance, but Omar is reported to have left openly during the day saying: "Any one who wants to make his wife a widow and his children orphans should come and meet me there behind that cliff. He succeeded Abu Bakr (632–634) as the second caliph of the Rashidun Caliphate on 23 August 634. The front part of his head was bald, always A'sara Yusran (working with two hands),[103] both his eyes were black, with yellow skin; however, ibn Sa'ad in his book stated that he never knew that 'Omar had yellow skin, except for a certain part of Omar's life where his color changed due to his frequent consumption of oil. While Omar was on his way to visit Syria, at Elat, he was received by Abu Ubaidah ibn al-Jarrah, governor of Syria, who informed him about the plague and its intensity, and suggested that Omar go back to Medina. It was then that Omar ordered the rubbish on the Ṣakhra (rock) to be removed by the Nabataeans, and after three showers of heavy rain had cleansed the Rock, he instituted prayers there. Biographie de 'Omar Ibn Al-Khattab Son nom et sa généalogie Il se nomme Abou Hafs 'Omar Ibn l-Khattab Ibni Nafil. [78] The first governor to respond was Abu Ubaidah ibn al-Jarrah, the governor of Syria and supreme commander of the Rashidun army. Tabqat ibn Sa'ad. [3], According to the traditional Muslim sources, when Sulayman was on his deathbed in Dabiq, he was persuaded by Raja to designate Umar as his successor. [27] In the view of Hawting, this is partly based on the historical facts and Umar's character and actions, but "He truly as all evidence indicates was a man of honour,dignity and a ruler worthy of every respect". In important cases Muhammad ibn Maslamah was deputed by Omar to proceed to the spot, investigate the charge and take action. [3] The elevation of Umar, a member of a cadet branch of the dynasty, in preference to the numerous princes descended from Abd al-Malik surprised these princes. He didn't only have a vision; he truly transformed his vision into actions. [8] He remained in al-Walid's court in Damascus until the caliph's death in 715,[3] and according to the 9th-century historian al-Ya'qubi, he performed the funeral prayers for al-Walid. [102], One writer states that Omar was a political genius and, as an architect of the Islamic Empire, rates him as the 52nd most influential figure in history. It is said that Omar's whip was feared more than the sword of another man. [5], In 685, Marwan ousted Ibn al-Zubayr's governor from Egypt and appointed Umar's father to the province. "[39] Abu Bakr then publicly spoke to the community in the mosque, saying: "Whoever worshiped Muhammad, let them know that Muhammad has died, and whoever worshiped Allah, let them know that Allah is alive and never dies.". 'Umar ibn al Khattab innove et les sunnites suivent Le Messager (sawas) a dit : « La parole la plus véridique est le livre dâAllah et la meilleure tradition est celle de Muhammad (sawas) ; les pires choses [en matière de religion] ce sont les nouveautés. NaderAbouAnas 117,683 views. [33], Umar II was succeeded by Yazid II. [28] The unanimous view in the Muslim traditional sources is that Umar was pious and ruled like a true Muslim in singular opposition to the other Umayyad caliphs, who were generally considered "godless usurpers, tyrants and playboys". Upon arriving at her house, Omar found his sister and brother-in-law Saeed bin Zaid (Omar's cousin) reciting the verses of the Quran from sura Ta-Ha. [75] The Jews, Kaab explained, had briefly won back their old capital a quarter of a century before (when Persians overran Syria and Palestine), but they had not had time to clear the site of the Temple, for the Rums (Byzantines) had recaptured the city. Sa … Il devint un des plus grands compagnons de son temps et fait partie de la deuxième génération des grands compagnons du prophète ﷺ, à l’instar de ʻAbdallah ibn ʻAbbas. Omar ibn Al-Khattab, par sa conversion à l’islam, vint renforcer cette religion. To further pressure the Christian Arab armies, Omar instructed Saad ibn Abi Waqqas, commander of Muslim forces in Iraq, to send reinforcements to Emesa. [117] Abu Ubaidah ibn al-Jarrah before Omar died famously said: "If Omar dies, Islam would be weakened". [3], Information about his governorship is scant, but most traditional accounts note that he was a "just governor", according to historian Paul Cobb. Some branches, such as Jaroudiah (Sarhubiyya), don't accept Omar and Abu Bakr as legitimate caliphs. [42] Though the Khazraj were in disagreement, Omar, after strained negotiations lasting one or two days, brilliantly divided the Ansar into their old warring factions of Aws and Khazraj tribes. At this stage Omar even challenged anyone who dared to stop the Muslims from praying, although no one dared to interfere with Omar when he was openly praying. 10 juil. Un des compagnons du prophète des musulmans. [citation needed], On his deathbed, Omar vacillated on his succession. [109], He built up an efficient administrative structure that held together his vast realm. ", [40] Hearing this, Omar fell on his knees in sorrow and acceptance. [citation needed], His strategy resulted in a Muslim victory at the Second Battle of Emesa in 638, where the pro-Byzantine Christian Arabs of Jazira, aided by the Byzantine Emperor, made an unexpected flanking movement and laid siege to Emesa (Homs). Sa naissance. Do not praise them unduly, lest they fall into the error of conceit. In 625 he took part in the Battle of Uhud. Rather than ape the manner of a Caesar, as the Ghassanid kings had done, he drew on the example of a quite different kind of Christian. Omar was founder of Fiqh, or Islamic jurisprudence. [citation needed] Historian Salima bin al-Akwa'a said that "Omar was ambidextrous, he could use both his hands equally well". Sa généalogie. [110], Omar never appointed governors for more than two years, for they might amass too much local power. Câest pour cette raison que les commençants lui laissent de lâespace avec autant de déférence. On his ring is written the words "Enough is Death as a reminder to you O' 'Omar". [8] Alongside Raja ibn Haywa al-Kindi, an influential religious figure in the Umayyads' court, Umar served as a principal adviser of Sulayman. Dette var et tungt ansvar for Umar, som han ikke ville bære videre efter sin død. [3] In 718, he successively deployed Iraqi and Syrian troops to suppress the Kharijite rebellion of Shawdhab al-Yashkuri in Iraq, though some sources say the revolt was settled diplomatically. Omar's threadbare robes, his diet of bread, salt and water, and his rejection of worldly riches would have reminded anyone from the desert reaches beyond Palestine of a very particular kind of person. Auteur: Fil de discussion: la serie Omar ibn al khattab (Lu 22322 fois) 0 Membres et 1 Invité sur ce fil de discussion. [citation needed] On his way back from Damascus to Aleppo or possibly to his Khunasira estate, Umar fell ill.[30] He died between 5 February and 10 February 720,[30] at the age of 37,[31] in the village of Dayr Sim'an (the Monastery of Simeon) near Ma'arrat al-Nu'man. [citation needed] He undertook many administrative reforms and closely oversaw public policy, establishing an advanced administration for the newly conquered lands, including several new ministries and bureaucracies, and ordered a census of all the Muslim territories. Omar is viewed very negatively in the literature of Twelver Shi'a (the main branch of Shia Islam[122][123]) and is often regarded as a usurper of Ali's right to the Caliphate. Others at the Saqifah followed suit, with the exception of the Khazraj tribe and their leader, Sa'd ibn 'Ubada, who were ostracized as a result. Omar also ordered the expulsion to Syria and Iraq of the Christian and Jewish communities of Najran and Khaybar. Entendue durant le mois béni de Ramadan 1441 de l'hégire sur Radio Sunnite, la voix de l'APBIF. [9] The latter's brother and successor, Sulayman (r. 715–717), held Umar in high regard. However, like many others in Mecca, Omar opposed Islam and even threatened to kill Muhammad. [74] He is regarded by Sunni Muslims as one of the greatest Faqih, and, as such, he started the process of codifying Islamic Law.
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