Important 20th century authors include Godfried Bomans, Harry Mulisch, Jan Wolkers, Simon Vestdijk, Hella S. Haasse, Cees Nooteboom, Gerard Reve and Willem Frederik Hermans. Definition from Wiktionary, the free dictionary. Hachmann, Rolf, Georg Kossack and Hans Kuhn, Cornell University, INSEAD, and WIPO (2018): The Global Innovation Index 2018: Energizing the World with Innovation. Insurers have to offer a universal package for everyone over the age of 18 years, regardless of age or state of health – it's illegal to refuse an application or impose special conditions. Ice days—maximum temperature below 0 °C (32 °F)—usually occur from December until February, with the occasional rare ice day prior to or after that period. The islands are part of the Lesser Antilles and have maritime borders with Anguilla, Curaçao, France (Saint Martin and Saint Barthélemy), Saint Kitts and Nevis, Sint Maarten, the U.S. Virgin Islands and Venezuela.[16]. The pace of job growth reached 10-year highs in 2007. Hopp til navigering Hopp til søk. The term Low Countries, also known as the Low Lands (Dutch: de Lage Landen, French: les Pays-Bas) and historically called the Netherlands (Dutch: de Nederlanden), Flanders, or Belgica, refers to a coastal lowland region in northwestern Europe forming the lower basin of the Rhine–Meuse–Scheldt delta and consisting of Belgium, the Netherlands, and Luxembourg. Traditional Dutch music is a genre known as "Levenslied", meaning Song of life, to an extent comparable to a French Chanson or a German Schlager. 1.1 Pronunciation; 1.2 Proper noun. In 2013, a Roman Catholic became Queen consort. As of the 1980s, more and more pop musicians started working in the Dutch language, partly inspired by the huge success of the band Doe Maar. The Netherlands has 20 national parks and hundreds of other nature reserves, that include lakes, heathland, woods, dunes and other habitats. In 734, at the Battle of the Boarn, the Frisians were defeated after a series of wars. Because of the large variety of sea life, including unique regional species, the park is popular with Scuba divers. The Netherlands also exports one-fifteenth of the world's apples. In 2011, it was estimated that the renewable energy sector received 31% (EUR 743MM), while the conventional energy sector received 69% (EUR 1.6B), of the total energy subsidies by the government. During the 1990s, Muslim refugees arrived from countries like Bosnia and Herzegovina, Iran, Iraq, Somalia, and Afghanistan.[224]. Universities offer of a three-year bachelor's degree, followed by a one or two year master's degree, which in turn can be followed by a four or five-year doctoral degree program. By the seventh century a Frisian Kingdom (650–734) under King Aldegisel and King Redbad emerged with Utrecht as its centre of power,[65][66] while Dorestad was a flourishing trading place. Holland, Hainaut, Flanders, Gelre, Brabant, and Utrecht were in a state of almost continual war or in paradoxically formed personal unions. Because of the flooding, farming was difficult, which encouraged foreign trade, the result of which was that the Dutch were involved in world affairs since the early 14th/15th century. Literature flourished as well during the Dutch Golden Age, with Joost van den Vondel and P. C. Hooft as the two most famous writers. The few residents who lived in these so-called "overflow areas" have been moved to higher ground, with some of that ground having been raised above anticipated flood levels.[114]. [246][247], Sustainability is a concept important for the Dutch. [238], For all regular (short-term) medical treatment, there is a system of obligatory health insurance, with private health insurance companies. Savoury pastries also occur, with the worstenbroodje (a roll with a sausage of ground beef, literally translates into sausage bread) being the most popular. The Netherlands had an estimated population of 17,418,808 as of 31 May 2020. Various kinds of Kruidkoek (such as Groninger koek), Fryske dúmkes and spekdikken (small savory pancakes cooked in a waffle iron) are considered typical. Bands such as Shocking Blue, Golden Earring, Tee Set, George Baker Selection and Focus enjoyed international success. Youths, and students in particular, rejected traditional mores and pushed for change in matters such as women's rights, sexuality, disarmament and environmental issues. They were forced by the confederation of the Saxons from the east to move over the Rhine into Roman territory in the fourth century. This means the Dutch required nearly six times as much biocapacity as the Netherlands contains. [citation needed] In the 18th century, while the Dutch Reformed Church was the state religion, Catholicism, other forms of Protestantism, such as Baptists and Lutherans, as well as Judaism were tolerated but discriminated against. [77] The Union of Utrecht is seen as the foundation of the modern Netherlands. The level of ferocity exhibited by both sides can be gleaned from a Dutch chronicler's report:[71]. The relative lack of farms allowed for an abundance of game and husbandry, though dishes near the coastal regions of Friesland, Groningen and the parts of Overijssel bordering the IJsselmeer also include a large amount of fish. "What may strike you as being blatantly blunt topics and comments are no more embarrassing or unusual to the Dutch than discussing the weather. [175] The Dutch are estimated to have at least 18 million bicycles,[181][182] which makes more than one per capita, and twice as many as the circa 9 million motor vehicles on the road. It consists of Dutch varieties of Meuse-Rhenish Franconian languages and is spoken in the south-eastern province of Limburg. Trains are frequent, with two trains per hour on lesser lines,[j] two to four trains per hour on average, and up to eight trains an hour on the busiest lines. The regions in the northeast of the Netherlands, roughly the provinces of Groningen, Friesland, Drenthe, Overijssel and Gelderland north of the great rivers are the least populated areas of the Netherlands. [83] The Dutch East India Company and the Dutch West India Company established colonies and trading posts all over the world, including ruling the northern parts of Taiwan between 1624–1662 and 1664–1667. That is why nowadays some parts of the Low Countries are actually hilly, like Luxembourg and the south of Belgium. Around 1000 AD, due to several agricultural developments, the economy started to develop at a fast pace, and the higher productivity allowed workers to farm more land or to become tradesmen. The plan encompasses the reinforcement of the existing coastal defences like dikes and dunes with 1.30 metres (4.3 ft) of additional flood protection. According to a 2005 estimate, the population was 80.9% Dutch, 2.4% Indonesian, 2.4% German, 2.2% Turkish, 2.0% Surinamese, 1.9% Moroccan, 0.8% Antillean and Aruban, and 7.4% others. For only 17% of the population religion is important and 14% goes to church weekly. The Room for the River plan grants more flow space to rivers, protects the major populated areas and allows for periodic flooding of indefensible lands. The Low Countries were an easy route around the imposing French Maginot Line. Referendums were held on each island to determine their future status. IPA : /pɛ.i.bɑ/ Audio : Proper noun . Schiphol Airport, just southwest of Amsterdam, is the main international airport in the Netherlands, and the third busiest airport in Europe in terms of passengers. In the 14th and 15th century, separate fiefs came gradually to be ruled by a single family through royal intermarriage. [22] The European part of the country is for the most part flat, with the exception of foothills in the far southeast, up to a height of no more than 321 metres, and some low hill ranges in the central parts. With the approval of the Franks, the Anglo-Saxon missionary Willibrord converted the Frisian people to Christianity. Courrier des Pays-Bas. The country is also subdivided into 21 water districts (as of 2018), governed by a water board (waterschap or hoogheemraadschap), each having authority in matters concerning water management. [164] However, the continuation of providing tax breaks to electricity generated by coal and gas, and to the exploration and extraction of gas from fields that are "insufficiently" profitable,[165] renders a successful transition towards renewable energy more difficult to achieve due to inconsistencies in the policy mix. Denne side blev senest redigeret den 1. maj 2017 kl. Pays Bas. Ripuarian language, which is spoken in Kerkrade and Vaals in the form of, respectively, the Kerkrade dialect and the Vaals dialect[214][215] is not recognised as a regional language of the Netherlands. During the early months of World War I (around 1914), The Central Powers invaded the Low Countries of Luxembourg and Belgium in what has been come to be known as the German invasion of Belgium. The new country took its name from Belgica, the Latinised name for the Low Countries, as it was known during the Eighty Years' War (1568–1648). A notable characteristic of Fries roggebrood (Frisian rye bread) is its long baking time (up to 20 hours), resulting in a sweet taste and a deep dark colour. The HBO (higher professional education) are universities of professional education (applied sciences) that award professional bachelor's degrees; similar to polytechnic degrees. [169] The Dutch rank first in the European Union and second worldwide in value of agricultural exports, behind only the United States,[170] with agricultural exports earning €80.7 billion in 2014,[171] up from €75.4 billion in 2012. The designation 'Low' to refer to the region returns again in the 10th century Duchy of Lower Lorraine, that covered much of the Low Countries. The geographical location of the upper region, however, changed tremendously over time, depending on the location of the economic and military power governing the Low Countries area. Many Indonesian dishes and foodstuffs have become commonplace in the Netherlands. This relatively large Eurasian population had developed over a period of 400 years and were classified by colonial law as belonging to the European legal community. The Netherlands national football team is one of the most popular aspects of Dutch sports; especially since the 1970s when one of the greatest footballers of all time, Johan Cruyff, developed Total Football with coach Rinus Michels. The Dutch scientist Christiaan Huygens (1629–1695) discovered Saturn's moon Titan, argued that light travelled as waves, invented the pendulum clock and was the first physicist to use mathematical formulae. Up from 31% vs. 19% naming the bike their main mode of transport for daily activities in 2011. Between 1997 and 2000 annual economic growth (GDP) averaged nearly 4%, well above the European average. Another religion practiced is Hinduism, with around 215,000 adherents (slightly over 1% of the population). Zeeland and South Holland produce a lot of butter, which contains a larger amount of milkfat than most other European butter varieties. As a coastal region, Friesland is home to low-lying grasslands, and thus has a cheese production in common with the Western cuisine. Willems, Wim (2001). The last coal mine was closed in 1974. In the Dutch Golden Age of the 17th century, the Netherlands urbanised considerably, mostly financed by corporate revenue from the Asian trade monopolies. Replicas of Dutch buildings can be found in Huis Ten Bosch, Nagasaki, Japan. The Netherlands is described as a consociational state. Constitutionally, the position is equipped with limited powers. In the 19th century, Multatuli wrote about the poor treatment of the natives in the Dutch colony, the current Indonesia. The Port of Rotterdam is the largest port in Europe, with the rivers Meuse and Rhine providing excellent access to the hinterland upstream reaching to Basel, Switzerland, and into Germany and France. The traditions of the Royal Dutch East Indies Army (KNIL) are maintained by the Regiment Van Heutsz of the modern Royal Netherlands Army. Thus far, the nation has won 266 medals at the Summer Olympic Games and another 110 medals at the Winter Olympic Games. However, his successor Boniface was murdered by the Frisians in Dokkum, in 754. The emphasis on Holland during the formation of the Dutch Republic, the Eighty Years' War, and the Anglo-Dutch Wars in the 16th, 17th, and 18th century, made Holland serve as a pars pro toto for the entire country, which is now considered informal[39] or incorrect. Zorgverzekeringswet (ZVW), often called "basic insurance", covers common medical care. [168] In contrast, in 2016, the Dutch used on average 4.8 global hectares of biocapacity - their ecological footprint of consumption. Zuletzt bearbeitet am 21. About 13% of all distance is travelled by public transport, the majority of which by train. [133] The creation of water boards actually pre-dates that of the nation itself, the first appearing in 1196. Don Juan of Austria, the new Spanish governor, was forced to concede initially, but within months returned to active hostilities. [19], The Pragmatic Sanction is said to be one example of the Habsburg contest with particularism that contributed to the Dutch Revolt. "[58] During the Gallic Wars, the area south and west of the Rhine was conquered by Roman forces under Julius Caesar from 57 BC to 53 BC. Precipitation throughout the year is distributed relatively equally each month. Under Habsburg Charles V, ruler of the Holy Roman Empire and King of Spain, all fiefs in the current Netherlands region were united into the Seventeen Provinces, which also included most of present-day Belgium, Luxembourg, and some adjacent land in what is now France and Germany. To protect the country from river flooding, another program is already being executed. [144] In April 2013, unemployment was at 8.2% (or 6.7% following the ILO definition) of the labour force. In that period, they rivalled northern Italy as one of the most densely populated regions of Western Europe. In the European part of the kingdom two other regional languages are recognised under the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages. In the 1960s and 1970s the lyrics were mostly in English, and some tracks were instrumental. It and other monarchical acts, such as the creation of bishoprics and promulgation of laws against heresy, stoked resentments, which fired the eruption of the Dutch Revolt.[20]. After he died in 869, Lotharingia was partitioned, into Upper and Lower Lotharingia, the latter part comprising the Low Countries that technically became part of East Francia in 870, although it was effectively under the control of Vikings, who raided the largely defenceless Frisian and Frankish towns lying on the Frisian coast and along the rivers. The predominant wind direction in the European Netherlands is southwest, which causes a mild maritime climate, with moderately warm summers and cool winters, and typically high humidity. de Vries, Jan W., Roland Willemyns and Peter Burger. These parties co-operated in coalition cabinets in which the Christian Democrats had always been a partner: so either a centre-left coalition of the Christian Democrats and Social Democrats was ruling or a centre-right coalition of Christian Democrats and Liberals. [201] Dutch people, or descendants of Dutch people, are also found in migrant communities worldwide, notably in Canada, Australia, South Africa and the United States. A main goal of the Delta project was to reduce the risk of flooding in South Holland and Zeeland to once per 10,000 years (compared to once per 4000 years for the rest of the country). ; Andmekaitse These insurance companies are obliged to provide a package with a defined set of insured treatments. While the further history the Low Countries can be seen as the object of a continual struggle between these two powers, the title of Duke of Lothier was coveted in the low countries for centuries.[16]. All Dutch schools and universities are publicly funded and managed with the exception of religious schools that are publicly funded but not managed by the state even though requirements are necessary for the funding to be authorised. In the east of the Netherlands, remains are found of the last ice age, which ended approximately ten thousand years ago. The Netherlands abandoned its neutrality in 1948 when it signed the Treaty of Brussels, and became a founding member of NATO in 1949. Artists with North African, Caribbean or Middle Eastern origins have strongly influenced this genre. Today the term is typically fitted to modern political boundaries[8][9] and used in the same way as the term Benelux. Das zeitgemäße Interieur, die komfortablen Sitzgelegenheiten und die freundliche Bedienung garantieren eine ungezwungene Atmosphäre, in der sich jeder wohl fühlt. Afterward, they established ports in Dutch occupied Malabar, leading to Dutch settlements and trading posts in India. [60] It has been postulated that after deteriorating climate conditions and the Romans' withdrawal, the Frisii disappeared as laeti in c. 296, leaving the coastal lands largely unpopulated for the next two centuries. [40][41] Nonetheless, the name "Holland" is still widely used for the Netherlands national football team, including in the Netherlands,[42] and the Dutch government's international websites for tourism and trade are "holland.com" and "hollandtradeandinvest.com". Mark Rutte has been Prime Minister since October 2010; the Prime Minister had been the leader of the largest party continuously since 1973. Netherlanders were "burned, strangled, beheaded, or buried alive" by his "Blood Council" and his Spanish soldiers. Around 1100 AD, farmers from Flanders and Utrecht began draining and cultivating uninhabited swampy land in the western Netherlands, making the emergence of the County of Holland as the centre of power possible. Leiden University and in particular KITLV are educational and scientific institutions that to this day share both an intellectual and historical interest in Indonesian studies. Early 1990s Dutch and Belgian house music came together in Eurodance project 2 Unlimited. Europäescht Land, tëscht der Nordséi, der Belsch an Däitschland. At first part of Gallia Belgica, the area south of the Limes became part of the Roman province of Germania Inferior. Ниг. Because significant portions of the Netherlands have been reclaimed from the sea or otherwise are very near sea level, the Netherlands is very vulnerable to sea level rise. [24][25][26], The Netherlands has been a parliamentary constitutional monarchy with a unitary structure since 1848. [156] The field is operated by government-owned Gasunie and output is jointly exploited by the government, Royal Dutch Shell, and Exxon Mobil through NAM (Nederlandse Aardolie Maatschappij). Its mixed-market advanced economy had the eleventh-highest per capita income globally. Deutsch-Französisch-Übersetzungen für [Pays-Bas] im Online-Wörterbuch dict.cc (Französischwörterbuch). [22] It would also provide the basis for a long-term air and sea campaign against Britain. Larger sausages are often eaten alongside stamppot, hutspot or zuurkool (sauerkraut); whereas smaller ones are often eaten as a street food. Jump to navigation Jump to search. The Dutch are proud of their cultural heritage, rich history in art and involvement in international affairs. According to the United States Census Bureau (2006), more than 5 million Americans claim total or partial Dutch ancestry. Later, these terps were connected by dikes. Both trade unions and employers organisations are consulted beforehand in policymaking in the financial, economic and social areas. The cabinet usually consists of 13 to 16 ministers and a varying number of state secretaries. It-test huwa disponibbli taħt il-Liċenzja Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike; jistgħu japplikaw xi kundizzjonijiet oħra.Ara l-kundizzjonijiet tal-użu għal aktar dettalji.Politika dwar il-privatezza; Dwar il-Wikizzjunarju [244] The Netherlands has nonetheless the reputation of the leader country in environmental and population management. Rijsttafel, a colonial culinary concept, and dishes such as Nasi goreng and satay are very popular in the country. The average temperature in the Netherlands has risen by almost 2 degrees Celsius from 1906 to 2017. Almost as many kilometres are covered by bicycle as by train. [26]:1–2, The earliest examples of written literature include the Wachtendonck Psalms, a collection of twenty five psalms that originated in the Moselle-Frankish region around the middle of the 9th century. It dragged on from December 1572 to the next summer, when Haarlemers finally surrendered on 13 July upon promise that the city would be spared from being sacked. [13] With a population of 17.4 million people, all living within a total area of roughly 41,800 square kilometres (16,100 sq mi)—of which the land area is 33,500 square kilometres (12,900 sq mi)—the Netherlands is the 12th most densely populated country in the world and the 2nd most densely populated country in the European Union, with a density of 521 per square kilometre (1,350/sq mi). The Netherlands decided not to sign the UN treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons. TV exports from the Netherlands mostly take the form of specific formats and franchises, most notably through internationally active TV production conglomerate Endemol, founded by Dutch media tycoons John de Mol and Joop van den Ende. [175] Like in many other European countries, the Dutch rail network of 3,013 km route is also rather dense. Verhoeven then went on to direct big Hollywood movies like RoboCop (1987), Total Recall (1990) and Basic Instinct (1992), and returned with Dutch film Black Book ("Zwartboek", 2006). The Belgian Revolution at home and the Java War in the Dutch East Indies brought the Netherlands to the brink of bankruptcy. 25 × 30 m: Land: Lëtzebuerg: Gemeng: Lëtzebuerg: Uertschaft: Lëtzebuerg: Quartier: Belair : Koordinaten: 49° 36’ 45.9’’ N 06° 06’ 24.8’’ O: Geschicht. [117] These changes have resulted in increased frequency of droughts and heatwaves. CS1 maint: BOT: original-url status unknown (. Most of these are owned by Staatsbosbeheer, the national department for forestry and nature conservation and Natuurmonumenten (literally 'Natures monuments'), a private organisation that buys, protects and manages nature reserves. The VWO (comprising atheneum and gymnasium) has 6 grades and prepares for studying at a research university. Die Küche besitzt internationale Prägung und … During the Middle Ages, the Low Countries were divided in numerous semi-independent principalities.[1][2]. Vu Wiktionnaire. At sea it could successfully prevent the English and French navy entering the western shores. After the defeat of Napoleon, the Dutch army was transformed into a conscription army. However, the German advance into France was quickly halted, causing a military stalemate for most of the war. [99] The 1960s and 1970s were a time of great social and cultural change, such as rapid de-pillarisation characterized by the decay of the old divisions along political and religious lines. Since the 1990s the Dutch army has been involved in the Bosnian War and the Kosovo War, it held a province in Iraq after the defeat of Saddam Hussein, and it was engaged in Afghanistan. The Holy Roman Empire (the successor state of East Francia and then Lotharingia) ruled much of the Low Countries in the 10th and 11th century, but was not able to maintain political unity. After the death of Charlemagne, Francia was divided in three parts among his three grandsons. [59] The Batavi rose against the Romans in the Batavian rebellion of 69 AD, but were eventually defeated. Federations for sports were established (such as the speed skating federation in 1882), rules were unified and sports clubs came into existence. [166] Renewable energy share in the energy mix is estimated to reach 12.4% by the year 2020, falling 1.6% short of the 14% target. The Leeward Antilles are warmer and drier than the Windward islands. [192], The fertility rate in the Netherlands is 1.78 children per woman (2018 estimate),[192] which is high compared with many other European countries, but below the rate of 2.1 children per woman required for natural population replacement, it remains considerably below the high of 5.39 children born per woman in 1879. The cabinet is responsible to the bicameral parliament, the States General, which also has legislative powers. Windmills, tulips, wooden shoes, cheese, Delftware pottery, and cannabis are among the items associated with the Netherlands by tourists. [276] Practically any town of any size in the Netherlands has a "toko" (a Dutch Indonesian Shop) or a Chinese-Indonesian restaurant,[277] and many 'Pasar Malam' (Night market in Malay/Indonesian) fairs are organised throughout the year. This group consisted of tribes that would eventually develop into the Salian Franks. The global average temperature has risen by 1 degree Celsius. The coastal resort of Zandvoort hosted the Dutch Grand Prix from 1958 to 1985, and has been announced to return in 2020. Historically, the regions without access to the sea have linked themselves politically and economically to those with access to form various unions of ports and hinterland,[3] stretching inland as far as parts of the German Rhineland. Bernlef is representative of the coexistence of Christianity and Germanic polytheism in this time period. [143] The Netherlands is one of the world's 10 leading exporting countries. Original file (528 × 756 pixels, file size: 869 KB, MIME type: image/png) File information. Cycling is a ubiquitous mode of transport in the Netherlands. After the reign of the Valois Dukes ended, much of the Low Countries were controlled by the House of Habsburg. It consists primarily of the salt waters of the Oosterschelde, but also includes mud flats, meadows, and shoals. [164], From a biological resource perspective, the Netherlands has a low endowment: the Netherlands’ biocapacity adds up to only 0.8 global hectares in 2016, 0.2 of which are dedicated to agriculture. Assen is the only venue to have held a round of the Motorcycle World Championship every year since its creation in 1949. J. Vossenstein, Dealing with the Dutch, 9789460220791. The Netherlands had a 2019 Forest Landscape Integrity Index mean score of 0.6/10, ranking it 169th globally out of 172 countries. [78] In 1581, the northern provinces adopted the Act of Abjuration, the declaration of independence in which the provinces officially deposed Philip II as reigning monarch in the northern provinces. the Dutch, the Frisians, and the Germans). The first great siege was Alba's effort to capture Haarlem and thereby cut Holland in half. Within the European Union, the region's political grouping is still referred to as the Benelux (short for Belgium-Netherlands-Luxembourg). The Netherlands is the fourth-most competitive economy in the world, according to the World Economic Forum's Global Competitiveness Report. Elle remporte le Championnat d'Europe de football 1988 et atteint à trois reprises la finale de la Coupe du monde, en 1974, 1978 et 2010. The largest of these is the Protestant Church in the Netherlands (PKN), a United church which is Reformed and Lutheran in orientation. By streamlining the succession law in all Seventeen Provinces and declaring that all of them would be inherited by one heir, Charles effectively united the Netherlands as one entity. He established the Archdiocese of Utrecht and became bishop of the Frisians. As of 2013[update], Rotterdam was the world's eighth largest container port handling 440.5 million metric tonnes of cargo annually. A politically neutral Delta Commission has formulated an action plan to cope with a sea level rise of 1.10 metres (3.6 ft) and a simultaneous land height decline of 10 centimetres (3.9 in). There is diversity even within languages. [250][251] These DJs also contribute to the world's mainstream pop music, as they frequently collaborate and produce for high-profile international artists. According to Eurostat, in 2010 there were 1.8 million foreign-born residents in the Netherlands, corresponding to 11.1% of the total population. After the 2017 general election, VVD, Christian Democratic Appeal, Democrats 66 and ChristenUnie formed the third Rutte cabinet. Their population was mainly Roman Catholic, and these areas did not have a governmental structure of their own, and were used as a buffer zone between the Republic and the Spanish-controlled Southern Netherlands.[82]. On one occasion, a surgeon at Veer cut the heart from a Spanish prisoner, nailed it on a vessel's prow, and invited the townsmen to come and fasten their teeth in it, which many did with savage satisfaction.
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